It is among the most extensive and well-trafficked subway systems in the world, carrying millions of riders each day to work, to school, to appointments, to cultural events, and to thousands of other activities that could never be sustained without robust mass transit. It is also among the oldest systems in the world, with much of its critical infrastructure dating back to the early 20th century.

Under pressure from this aging infrastructure and record ridership, subway service has declined dramatically in recent years.

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Research suggests that bedbugs originally preyed on bats in caves, and that they added human blood to their diet as soon as human beings began to move into the caves. After World War II, bedbugs all but disappeared from New York City, but in recent years, an enormous growth in global travel, changes in pestcontrol measures the use of baits instead of residual sprays for cockroaches, for example , and the lack of general knowledge about bedbugs and how they spread have all contributed to a huge increase in bedbug infestations in New York and other cities around the world.

Common bedbugs Cimex lectularius are small, wingless insects that live on the blood of warm-blooded creatures. The nymphs pass through five stages of growth in which they become larger versions of themselves, becoming a translucent-amber or straw color when hungry and shedding their skins which are really a waxy outer skeleton, or exoskeleton as they go; right after molting, they may appear paler and waxier.

They need to have at least one blood meal to pass from one stage to the next, and usually reach adulthood in four to five weeks. Over the course of her lifetime, an adult female may lay to eggs, sometimes at the rate of up to 4 or 5 a day; the eggs hatch in anywhere from 6 to 17 days, depending on temperature conditions. Average bedbug life expectancy is a few months to a year, longer in cooler temperatures though obviously, we the people hope to cut it much shorter. Modern cities, with their high population densities, controlled indoor temperatures, and infinite number of cracks, crevices, and stuff to hide in, are an ideal environment for bedbugs.

Bedbugs are predators rather than parasites, so they do not live on people. They are usually nocturnal, and feed every few nights if they can. If an infestation is very large, they may also try to feed during the day, but because it takes them anywhere from 3 to 10 minutes to get a full meal, they prefer a sleeping host. Bedbugs are not known to carry any diseases, but scratching the bites increases the irritation and itching and can lead to infection.

Bedbugs do cause considerable psychological harm, described in a report by the Toronto Bed Bug Project Steering Committee as high levels of anxiety, stress, depression, sleep deprivation, insomnia, constant vigilance, and an incredible preoccupation with bedbugs, sometimes resulting in psychological trauma.